Multiplex PCR for the detection of Piscirickettsia salmonis, Vibrio anguillarum, Aeromonas salmonicida and Streptococcus phocae in Chilean marine farms

A multiplex (m-)PCR-based protocol was designed for the simultaneous detection of the main marine bacterial pathogens in Chilean salmon farms: Streptococcus phocae, Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio anguillarum and Piscirickettsia salmonis. Each of the 4 oligonucleotide primer pairs exclusively amplified the target gene of the specific bacterial pathogen. The detection limit of the m-PCR using purified total bacterial DNA was 50 pg μl ^-1 for V. anguillarum, 500 fg μl ^-1 for P. salmonis, and 5 pg μl ^-1 for S. phocae and A. salmonicida. This corresponded to average limits in the m-PCR sensitivity of 3.69 × 10 ⁵ CFU ml ^-1 of V. anguillarum, 1.26 × 10 ⁴ CFU ml ^-1 of S. phocae, and 5.33 × 10 ⁴ CFU ml ^-1 of A. salmonicida, while the detection limits for the spiked fish tissues, regardless of the sample (spleen, kidney, liver or muscle) were 2.64 ± 0.54 × 10 ⁷ CFU g ^-1 for V. anguillarum, 9.03 ± 1.84 × 10 ⁵ CFU g ^-1 for S. phocae, 3.8 ± 0.78 × 10 ³ CFU mg ^-1 for A. salmonicida and 100 P. salmonis cells. However, high amounts of DNA from 3 bacterial species had a reduction of ~1 log-unit on the amplification sensitivity of S. phocae or A. salmonicida when these were present in lower concentration in the multiplex reaction. The assay described in this study is a rapid, sensitive and efficient tool to detect the presence of S. phocae, A. salmonicida, V. anguillarum and P. salmonis simul taneously from pure cultures and tissues from clinically diseased fish. Therefore, it may be a useful alternative to culture-based methods for the diagnosis of infections in fish obtained from Chilean salmon farms.