Environmental acclimatization of the carp modulates the transcription of β-actin

A cascade of mechanisms involving changes in gene expression are substantial to shape the adaptive responses that a eurythermal fish requires upon environmental changes in its habitat. We have previously shown that the cyclical reprogramming of rRNA transcription is a remarkable feature in carp under seasonal acclimatization. Using in situ hybridization and competitive RT-PCR we found significant differences in β-actin transcripts, generally accepted to be coded by a typical housekeeping gene, in tissues from summer- and winter-acclimatized carp. The physiological differential β-actin transcription herein reported places us on the alert for the reference genes estimated to be constitutive to quantitatively assess gene transcripts.