Abstract
In this work, we computationally evaluated the influence of six different molecular solvents, described as a polarizable continuum model at the M06-2X/6–31+G(d,p) level, on the activation barrier/reaction rate, overall energy change, TS geometry, and degree of (a)synchronicity of two concerted Diels-Alder cycloadditions of acrolein (R1) and its complex with Lewis acid acroleinBH3 (R2) to cyclopentadiene. In gas-phase, we found that both exothermicity and activation barrier are only reduced by about 2.0 kcal mol−1, and the asynchronicity character of the mechanism is accentuated when BH3 is included. An increment in the solvent’s polarity lowers the activation energy of R1 by 1.3 kcal mol−1, while for R2 the reaction rate is enhanced by more than 2000 times at room temperature (i.e., the activation energy decreases by 4.5 kcal mol−1) if the highest polar media is employed. Therefore, a synergistic effect is achieved when both external agents, i.e., Lewis acid catalyst and polar solvent, are included together. This effect was ascribed to the ability of the solvent to favor the encounter between cyclopentadiene and acroleinBH3. This was validated by the asymmetry of the TS which becomes highly pronounced when either both or just BH3 is considered or the solvent’s polarity is increased. Finally, the reaction force constant reveals that an increment in the solvent’s polarity is able to turn a moderate asynchronous mechanism of the formation of the new C-C σ-bonds into a highly asynchronous one.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 33 |
Journal | Journal of Molecular Modeling |
Volume | 24 |
Issue number | 1 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 1 Jan 2018 |
Keywords
- DFT calculations
- Diels-Alder reactions
- Lewis acid catalysts
- Reaction force
- Reaction force constant
- Reaction mechanisms
- Solvent effect
- Synchronicity
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Catalysis
- Computer Science Applications
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Organic Chemistry
- Computational Theory and Mathematics
- Inorganic Chemistry