TY - JOUR
T1 - Secondary metabolites of lichens
T2 - The untapped biomedical and pharmaceutical potential of antimicrobial molecules
AU - Poulsen-Silva, Erick
AU - Otero, Maria Carolina
AU - Diaz-Cornejo, Sofía
AU - Atala, Cristian
AU - Fuentes, Juan A.
AU - Gordillo-Fuenzalida, Felipe
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 British Mycological Society
PY - 2025/3
Y1 - 2025/3
N2 - Lichens are formed through a mutualistic interaction between one main fungal species, known as the mycobiont, and algae and/or cyanobacteria species, known as the photobionts. Lichens, particularly the mycobiont component, are known to produce various secondary metabolites which have distinct physiological roles in order to protect from biotic and abiotic stress. This review explores the antimicrobial potential of lichen-derived secondary metabolites, highlighting their efficacy against a variety of microorganisms. Based on a exhaustive analysis of the scientific literature, we discuss the mechanisms of action and potential applications of these metabolites in the fight against antibiotic resistance and emerging infectious diseases. Lichen-derived compounds, such as diffractaic, lobaric, protolichesterinic, salazinic and usnic acid, exhibit diverse antimicrobial properties, demonstrating activity against a wide range of bacteria, fungi and yeasts, often with significant minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Some of them also show promise as antiviral agents. In addition, certain metabolites show synergism with conventional antibiotics, which could enhance their efficacy. Finally, the interaction of molecules present in culture supernatants of lichens and inorganic ions, in the form of nanoparticles, presenting antimicrobial activity, is also described. This literature review highlights the therapeutic potential of lichen metabolites in the fight against various microbial infections, making them valuable targets for future research and drug development.
AB - Lichens are formed through a mutualistic interaction between one main fungal species, known as the mycobiont, and algae and/or cyanobacteria species, known as the photobionts. Lichens, particularly the mycobiont component, are known to produce various secondary metabolites which have distinct physiological roles in order to protect from biotic and abiotic stress. This review explores the antimicrobial potential of lichen-derived secondary metabolites, highlighting their efficacy against a variety of microorganisms. Based on a exhaustive analysis of the scientific literature, we discuss the mechanisms of action and potential applications of these metabolites in the fight against antibiotic resistance and emerging infectious diseases. Lichen-derived compounds, such as diffractaic, lobaric, protolichesterinic, salazinic and usnic acid, exhibit diverse antimicrobial properties, demonstrating activity against a wide range of bacteria, fungi and yeasts, often with significant minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Some of them also show promise as antiviral agents. In addition, certain metabolites show synergism with conventional antibiotics, which could enhance their efficacy. Finally, the interaction of molecules present in culture supernatants of lichens and inorganic ions, in the form of nanoparticles, presenting antimicrobial activity, is also described. This literature review highlights the therapeutic potential of lichen metabolites in the fight against various microbial infections, making them valuable targets for future research and drug development.
KW - Antibacterial
KW - Antifungal
KW - Antiviral
KW - Holobiont
KW - Mycobiont
KW - Photobiont
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85212960883&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.fbr.2024.100410
DO - 10.1016/j.fbr.2024.100410
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85212960883
SN - 1749-4613
VL - 51
JO - Fungal Biology Reviews
JF - Fungal Biology Reviews
M1 - 100410
ER -