Fibrotic response induced by angiotensin-II requires NAD(P)H oxidase-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skeletal muscle cells

Fibrotic disorders are typified by excessive connective tissue and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition that precludes normal healing processes in different tissues. Angiotensin-II (Ang-II) is involved in the fibrotic response. Several muscular dystrophies are characterized by extensive fibrosis. However, the exact role of Ang-II in skeletal muscle fibrosis is unknown. Here we show that myoblasts responded to Ang-II by increasing protein levels of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2), collagen-III and fibronectin. These Ang-II-induced pro-fibrotic effects were mediated by AT-1 receptors. Remarkably, Ang-II induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) via a NAD(P)H oxidase-dependent mechanism, as shown by inhibition of ROS production via the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors diphenylene iodonium (DPI) and apocynin. This increase in ROS is critical for Ang-II-induced fibrotic effects, as indicated by the decrease in Ang-II-induced CTGF and fibronectin levels by DPI and apocynin. We also show that Ang-II-induced ROS production and fibrosis require PKC activity as indicated by the generic PKC inhibitor chelerythrine.These results strongly suggest that the fibrotic response induced by Ang-II is mediated by AT-1 receptor and requires NAD(P)H-induced ROS in skeletal muscle cells.